Pseudovirus deep mutational scanning of HCoV-229E spike protein (1984 strain)

Pseudovirus deep mutational scanning of HCoV-229E spike (1984 strain)

Interactive visualizations of effects of mutations on different HCoV-229E (1984 strain) spike phenotypes

Cell entry

Effects of mutations on entry into 293T-hAPN-TMPRSS2 cells

RBD binding loops constraints

The RBD binding loops cell entry measurements compared to natural variation

Receptor binding

Mutation effects of HCoV-229E 1984 spike on binding to hAPN

Serum neutralization and RBD up/down conformation

Sites that affect serum neutralization and RBD up/down conformation

Serum neutralization by different types of sera

Mutations effects on neutralization by evolution-resistant and evolution-sensitive human sera

The links in the gray boxes above take you to pages with details about the experimental measurements of the effects of mutations on different spike phenotypes, as well as interactive visualizations and links to the numerical measurements for each mutation.

For details about the study, see Harari et al (2026).

All experiments were performed at biosafety-level-2 using pseudoviruses, which are only able to undergo a single round of cell entry and so are therefore not replicative viruses capable of causing disease.

For the full computer code and numerical results, see the GitHub repo at https://github.com/dms-vep/229E_spike_1984_DMS. For full documentation of the analysis pipeline, see the Appendix.